8+ Stunning Creek Front Properties For Sale Now!


8+ Stunning Creek Front Properties For Sale Now!

Parcels of land bordering a small stream supply distinctive traits. These properties typically present house owners with riparian rights, granting entry to and potential utilization of the water. A typical instance would possibly embrace a house located alongside a flowing creek, providing scenic views and leisure potentialities.

Proximity to a pure water supply has traditionally been extremely valued, offering alternatives for fishing, irrigation, and even transportation. As we speak, such places are sometimes wanted for his or her tranquil settings, various wildlife, and potential for outside actions like kayaking or just having fun with the sounds of nature. This desirability typically interprets to elevated property values and a robust sense of group amongst these drawn to this way of life.

Understanding the nuances of buying and proudly owning land adjoining to a creek entails varied concerns, together with authorized restrictions, environmental tasks, and potential flood dangers. Exploring these components gives a complete view of this distinctive actual property area of interest.

1. Location

Location considerably influences the desirability and worth of creek entrance property. Proximity to city facilities typically instructions increased costs as a consequence of elevated accessibility to facilities and employment alternatives. Conversely, extra distant places supply better seclusion and immersion in nature, doubtlessly interesting to these in search of tranquility and escape from city life. A property located close to a well-liked leisure lake, for instance, could appeal to increased bids than a comparable property positioned in a less-developed space. Equally, entry to well-maintained roads and infrastructure can improve a property’s enchantment. The encompassing panorama additionally performs a job, with properties nestled in scenic valleys or mountainous terrain typically commanding premium costs.

Cautious consideration of micro-location inside a broader area can also be important. Properties located upstream would possibly supply cleaner water and a extra pristine setting, whereas these downstream may very well be extra inclined to air pollution or flooding. The precise location alongside the creek itself influences views and usefulness. A delicate bend within the creek would possibly create a personal cove excellent for swimming or kayaking, whereas a steeper financial institution may restrict entry or enhance erosion dangers. Analyzing the encompassing topography and vegetation helps decide potential privateness, shade, and noise ranges, all essential components influencing a property’s suitability for varied functions. A property close to a closely wooded space would possibly supply extra seclusion but additionally require better wildfire mitigation efforts.

Strategic location evaluation is paramount when evaluating creek entrance property. Balancing accessibility with desired ranges of seclusion, contemplating potential environmental components, and understanding the influence of surrounding land use all contribute to a complete evaluation. This cautious analysis permits knowledgeable decision-making, maximizing the chance of buying a property that aligns with particular person wants and long-term targets. Failure to adequately assess location can result in unexpected challenges and diminished property worth.

2. Water rights

Water rights are a essential facet of creek entrance property possession, considerably impacting its use and worth. Understanding the complexities of those rights is crucial for potential consumers to keep away from future disputes and guarantee accountable stewardship of pure sources. These rights govern the utilization of water flowing by way of or adjoining to the property, and range significantly relying on native laws and historic precedent.

  • Riparian Rights

    Riparian rights are frequent in lots of jurisdictions, granting landowners whose property borders a waterway the proper to cheap use of the water. This usually consists of home use, similar to family water provide, and generally irrigation for adjoining land. For instance, a property proprietor might need the proper to withdraw water for gardening, however not for large-scale business agriculture. Nonetheless, these rights usually are not absolute and are topic to limitations, similar to not infringing upon the rights of downstream customers or considerably altering the movement or high quality of the water.

  • Prior Appropriation Doctrine

    In some areas, notably within the western United States, water rights are ruled by the doctrine of prior appropriation. This technique allocates rights primarily based on the precept of “first in time, first in proper,” which means those that first used the water for a useful function have precedence. This could result in complicated conditions the place older, established water rights maintain priority over newer claims, no matter property boundaries. An extended-standing agricultural operation upstream might need superior water rights in comparison with a newly developed residential property downstream, doubtlessly limiting the latter’s entry to water throughout dry durations.

  • Allowing and Laws

    Whatever the underlying doctrine, acquiring crucial permits and adhering to native laws is essential. Modifying stream banks, developing dams or diversions, or extracting giant portions of water typically requires permits from related authorities. Failing to adjust to these laws may end up in fines, authorized motion, and limitations on property utilization. For instance, developing a dock or boat ramp would possibly require a allow making certain minimal environmental influence and compliance with navigational tips.

  • Due Diligence and Disclosure

    Conducting thorough due diligence is significant for potential consumers to completely perceive the extent and limitations of water rights related to a property. Title searches, surveys, and consultations with water useful resource administration companies can assist make clear current rights and potential restrictions. Sellers are additionally obligated to reveal any recognized points or limitations associated to water utilization. This transparency ensures knowledgeable decision-making and minimizes the chance of future disputes.

Water rights considerably affect the general worth and usefulness of creek entrance property. Clarifying these rights earlier than buy just isn’t solely a authorized necessity, but additionally a necessary step in making certain accountable land possession and avoiding potential conflicts with neighboring properties or regulatory our bodies. A transparent understanding of those rules contributes to a extra sustainable and harmonious relationship with this helpful pure useful resource.

3. Flood danger

Flood danger represents a big consideration for potential consumers of creek entrance property. The inherent proximity to a watercourse will increase the potential for inundation, particularly during times of heavy rainfall, fast snowmelt, or upstream dam releases. Understanding the historic flood patterns, present flood zone designations, and potential future dangers is essential for knowledgeable decision-making and mitigating potential losses. For instance, a property positioned inside a 100-year floodplain has a 1% probability of flooding in any given yr, a statistic that considerably impacts insurance coverage premiums and potential property harm.

Evaluating flood danger entails a number of key steps. Reviewing Federal Emergency Administration Company (FEMA) flood maps supplies helpful info on designated flood zones and historic flood ranges. Consulting native floodplain directors gives additional insights into particular native situations and laws. Investigating previous flood occasions by way of historic data, native information archives, and conversations with long-term residents supplies a extra complete understanding of the property’s flood historical past. A property that has skilled a number of floods previously is statistically extra prone to flood once more sooner or later. Contemplating future growth plans upstream can also be essential, as elevated impervious surfaces can exacerbate runoff and enhance downstream flood dangers. A brand new residential growth or shopping center upstream may alter drainage patterns and enhance the chance of flooding on a downstream property.

Mitigating flood danger requires a multi-faceted method. Acquiring flood insurance coverage is crucial to guard towards monetary losses within the occasion of a flood. Elevating constructions above the bottom flood elevation minimizes the chance of water harm. Implementing correct drainage options, similar to swales and rain gardens, helps divert water away from constructions. Sustaining vegetation alongside the creek financial institution stabilizes the soil and reduces erosion, which might exacerbate flooding. Developing retaining partitions or berms can present further safety towards rising water ranges. Understanding and addressing flood danger just isn’t merely a precautionary measure; it’s a elementary facet of accountable creek entrance property possession, making certain long-term worth and security. Ignoring these concerns can result in important monetary and emotional misery within the occasion of a flood.

4. Environmental Laws

Environmental laws play a vital function within the acquisition and possession of creek entrance property. These laws goal to guard delicate ecosystems, protect water high quality, and make sure the sustainable use of pure sources. Understanding these laws is crucial for potential consumers to navigate the complexities of creek entrance property possession and keep away from potential authorized points. Non-compliance may end up in penalties, challenge delays, and limitations on property use, impacting each the property’s worth and the proprietor’s enjoyment.

  • Wetland Safety

    Wetlands, typically discovered adjoining to creeks, are important ecosystems offering quite a few ecological advantages, together with flood management, water filtration, and wildlife habitat. Laws, typically administered by federal and state companies, limit growth actions inside designated wetland areas. Developing a dock, for instance, would possibly require a allow making certain minimal influence on wetland features. Unauthorized alterations can result in important fines and restoration necessities. Understanding wetland delineation and allowing processes is crucial for any growth plans on creek entrance property.

  • Water High quality Requirements

    Sustaining water high quality is paramount for each ecological well being and human security. Laws govern actions that would doubtlessly pollute creeks, similar to discharge from septic programs, fertilizer runoff, and erosion management measures. For example, laws would possibly dictate the kind of septic system permitted and its required distance from the creek. Equally, land clearing and building actions should adhere to erosion management greatest practices to forestall sediment from getting into the waterway. Common water high quality testing may be required to make sure compliance.

  • Endangered Species Safety

    Creek entrance properties can present habitat for endangered or threatened species. Laws defend these species and their habitats, doubtlessly proscribing growth actions that would negatively influence them. Constructing a home too near a essential habitat, as an illustration, may be prohibited. Conducting thorough ecological surveys earlier than growth is crucial to determine potential species presence and guarantee compliance with related laws. Mitigation measures, similar to habitat restoration or relocation, may be required to offset potential impacts.

  • Riparian Buffer Zones

    Riparian buffer zones, vegetated areas alongside creek banks, play a vital function in defending water high quality and stabilizing stream banks. Laws typically dictate minimal buffer widths and permissible actions inside these zones. Clearing vegetation throughout the buffer zone, for instance, may be restricted to forestall erosion and preserve water temperature. Understanding these laws is essential for landscaping and upkeep actions on creek entrance property.

Navigating these environmental laws requires cautious planning, due diligence, and session with related authorities. Potential consumers ought to conduct thorough analysis, acquire crucial permits, and interact professionals skilled in environmental compliance. This proactive method ensures accountable land possession, protects helpful ecosystems, and enhances the long-term worth and pleasure of creek entrance property. Ignoring these laws can result in authorized challenges, monetary penalties, and environmental degradation, considerably diminishing the advantages of proudly owning such a novel property.

5. Property Entry

Property entry considerably impacts the desirability and usefulness of creek entrance property on the market. Enough entry ensures handy entry and exit, facilitating routine upkeep, emergency companies, and the transport of supplies for building or leisure actions. Restricted entry can diminish property worth and pose challenges for day by day residing, doubtlessly isolating residents and hindering property growth. A property accessible solely by way of a slender, unmaintained dust highway, for instance, would possibly deter potential consumers in search of handy entry, notably throughout inclement climate. Conversely, a property with well-maintained highway entry and ample parking enhances its enchantment and marketability.

A number of components affect property entry concerns. Authorized entry rights, similar to easements or right-of-ways, decide the authorized routes of entry and exit. Bodily limitations, together with steep terrain, dense vegetation, or the presence of water our bodies, can limit entry. Seasonal differences, like winter snow accumulation or spring flooding, would possibly quickly restrict accessibility. Shared entry preparations with neighboring properties introduce complexities concerning upkeep tasks and potential conflicts. A property counting on a shared driveway, as an illustration, necessitates clear agreements on upkeep prices and utilization restrictions to keep away from disputes. Understanding these components permits knowledgeable decision-making and facilitates real looking assessments of property usability.

Due diligence concerning property entry is crucial. Title searches reveal current easements and right-of-ways. Web site visits throughout varied seasons assess potential entry limitations. Surveys delineate property boundaries and determine potential encroachments. Consulting with native authorities clarifies highway upkeep tasks and potential entry restrictions. This complete analysis ensures that the property’s entry aligns with supposed utilization and avoids potential future problems. Failure to adequately tackle entry points can result in authorized disputes, diminished property worth, and important inconvenience for property house owners.

6. Leisure Potential

Leisure potential considerably influences the desirability and worth of creek entrance property. Proximity to a pure water supply gives a spread of leisure alternatives, typically a main motivator for potential consumers. These alternatives range relying on the particular traits of the creek, together with its dimension, movement fee, water high quality, and surrounding panorama. A gently flowing creek may be excellent for kayaking and swimming, whereas a faster-flowing creek may supply alternatives for whitewater rafting or fishing for particular species. The presence of mature bushes alongside the banks supplies shade and enhances the aesthetic enchantment, making a tranquil setting for leisure and outside actions. Conversely, a creek with restricted entry, polluted water, or steep, unstable banks would possibly supply restricted leisure worth, doubtlessly diminishing the property’s total enchantment.

Understanding the leisure potential of a creek requires cautious evaluation. Analyzing water high quality experiences reveals potential limitations for swimming or fishing. Evaluating the creek’s movement fee and depth determines suitability for varied watercraft. Researching native fishing laws informs anglers about permissible actions and catch limits. Observing the encompassing terrain identifies potential mountaineering trails or areas appropriate for tenting. A property adjoining to a creek flowing by way of a protected forest, for instance, would possibly supply enhanced leisure alternatives in comparison with a property bordering a creek in a closely developed space. Moreover, proximity to different leisure facilities, similar to state parks, mountaineering trails, or boat launches, enhances the general leisure worth of the property. A creek entrance property close to a well-liked mountaineering path, for instance, would possibly enchantment to outside fanatics in search of quite a lot of leisure actions.

The interaction between leisure potential and property worth is important. Properties providing various leisure alternatives typically command premium costs, reflecting the desirability of those options. Conversely, limitations on leisure use, as a consequence of components like air pollution or restricted entry, can negatively influence property worth. Precisely assessing leisure potential informs buying choices and facilitates real looking property valuations. This understanding is crucial for each consumers and sellers, making certain knowledgeable negotiations and maximizing the worth of creek entrance property investments. Failure to adequately contemplate leisure potential can result in unmet expectations and doubtlessly diminished property worth over time.

7. Market Worth

Market worth, a essential think about actual property transactions, represents the estimated worth a keen purchaser would pay a keen vendor in a aggressive market. For creek entrance property, this worth is influenced by a posh interaction of things past normal property traits. Proximity to water, typically thought-about a extremely fascinating amenity, usually elevates market worth in comparison with related properties missing this function. Nonetheless, this premium varies considerably relying on the particular attributes of the creek itself and its surrounding setting. A pristine, free-flowing creek with clear water and ample wildlife contributes extra considerably to worth than a polluted or stagnant creek. For example, a property bordering a creek recognized for wonderful trout fishing would possibly command a better worth than a comparable property adjoining to a creek with restricted aquatic life. Equally, properties located on bigger, navigable creeks typically maintain better worth as a consequence of expanded leisure alternatives, similar to boating and kayaking.

Past the creek’s intrinsic qualities, exterior components additionally affect market worth. Native zoning laws, entry to utilities, and proximity to facilities like colleges and purchasing facilities all play a job. A creek entrance property positioned inside a fascinating college district, for instance, would possibly appeal to increased bids than an analogous property in a much less sought-after district. Moreover, the general situation of the property, together with the home and any current infrastructure, considerably impacts its market worth. A well-maintained property with up to date options usually instructions a better worth than a dilapidated property requiring intensive renovations. Market situations, similar to prevailing rates of interest and stock ranges, additionally affect property values. In a vendor’s market with restricted stock, creek entrance properties would possibly expertise heightened demand and worth appreciation. Conversely, throughout a purchaser’s market with ample stock, costs would possibly stabilize and even decline. The diploma of privateness provided by the property, influenced by components like vegetation density and surrounding land use, additionally contributes to its market worth. A secluded property nestled amongst mature bushes may be extra fascinating, and due to this fact extra helpful, than a property with restricted privateness.

Precisely assessing the market worth of creek entrance property requires a nuanced understanding of those interconnected components. Comparative market evaluation, contemplating latest gross sales of comparable properties within the space, supplies a baseline for valuation. Consulting with skilled actual property appraisers gives skilled experience in navigating the complexities of creek entrance property valuation. This cautious analysis is essential for each consumers and sellers, making certain knowledgeable decision-making and facilitating real looking worth negotiations. Ignoring these components can result in inaccurate valuations, doubtlessly leading to monetary losses for both celebration. Moreover, understanding the dynamic nature of market worth, influenced by fluctuating market situations and evolving environmental components, is crucial for long-term property possession and funding methods. Commonly monitoring market traits and assessing potential dangers, similar to flood danger or regulatory adjustments, permits property house owners to make knowledgeable choices concerning property upkeep, enhancements, and eventual resale.

8. Upkeep Prices

Upkeep prices symbolize a big ongoing expense for creek entrance property house owners, typically exceeding these related to comparable properties positioned away from water. The distinctive traits of those properties, whereas fascinating, necessitate specialised upkeep procedures and preventative measures to mitigate potential dangers and protect property worth. Failing to adequately tackle these upkeep necessities can result in expensive repairs, environmental harm, and diminished property enjoyment.

  • Erosion Management

    Creek banks are inclined to erosion as a consequence of pure water movement, fluctuating water ranges, and storm occasions. Erosion management measures, similar to riprap, retaining partitions, or bioengineering methods utilizing vegetation, are essential for stabilizing banks and stopping property loss. Common inspection and upkeep of those erosion management constructions are important to make sure their effectiveness. Neglecting erosion management can result in important land loss, structural harm to buildings or different enhancements, and potential authorized points with neighboring properties. For instance, a failing retaining wall would possibly require expensive alternative and will doubtlessly destabilize neighboring land.

  • Landscaping and Vegetation Administration

    Sustaining vegetation alongside creek banks and inside riparian buffer zones requires specialised care. Common pruning, elimination of invasive species, and planting native vegetation are important for preserving water high quality, stabilizing banks, and enhancing aesthetic enchantment. Overgrown vegetation can impede views, impede entry to the water, and enhance hearth danger. For example, neglecting to take away invasive plant species can result in their proliferation, displacing native vegetation and doubtlessly degrading water high quality. Common landscaping additionally entails managing fallen bushes and particles, which might accumulate within the creek and trigger blockages, doubtlessly resulting in flooding.

  • Septic System Upkeep

    Creek entrance properties typically depend on septic programs for wastewater therapy. Common inspections, pumping, and upkeep of those programs are essential for stopping contamination of the creek and groundwater. Malfunctioning septic programs can pose important well being dangers and result in expensive repairs or alternative. Moreover, environmental laws typically mandate particular upkeep procedures and monitoring necessities for septic programs positioned close to waterways. Failure to adjust to these laws may end up in fines and authorized motion. For instance, neglecting common septic tank pumping can result in system failure, requiring expensive repairs and doubtlessly contaminating the creek.

  • Construction Upkeep and Flood Prevention

    Constructions positioned close to creeks require further upkeep to mitigate flood danger and moisture-related harm. Elevating constructions, putting in flood vents, and waterproofing foundations are important preventative measures. Commonly inspecting and sustaining these options ensures their effectiveness in defending towards flood harm. For example, making certain that flood vents are away from particles permits water to movement by way of the construction throughout a flood, minimizing structural harm. Neglecting these preventative measures may end up in important monetary losses within the occasion of a flood. Moreover, properties positioned in flood-prone areas typically require specialised insurance coverage protection, including to the general value of possession.

Understanding these ongoing upkeep necessities is essential for potential consumers of creek entrance property. Precisely budgeting for these prices ensures real looking assessments of affordability and long-term property possession. Ignoring these components can result in sudden bills, diminished property worth, and potential environmental points. Thorough due diligence, together with property inspections and consultations with native specialists, helps determine potential upkeep challenges and informs buying choices. In the end, proactive upkeep practices defend property worth, improve enjoyment of the distinctive advantages of creek entrance residing, and guarantee accountable stewardship of those helpful pure sources. Failure to adequately tackle these upkeep wants can considerably detract from the general expertise of proudly owning creek entrance property.

Continuously Requested Questions

Addressing frequent inquiries concerning creek entrance properties clarifies key concerns for potential consumers and promotes knowledgeable decision-making.

Query 1: How are property strains decided on creek entrance land?

Property boundaries on creek entrance land are usually decided by surveys and authorized descriptions, typically referencing the creek’s centerline or high-water mark. Variations exist relying on native laws and historic precedent. Consulting with a surveyor is essential for correct boundary willpower.

Query 2: What are the everyday insurance coverage implications for creek entrance properties?

Creek entrance properties typically necessitate specialised insurance coverage protection, together with flood insurance coverage, as a consequence of elevated danger of water harm. Customary householders’ insurance coverage insurance policies usually exclude flood protection. Consulting with insurance coverage professionals specializing in waterfront properties is advisable to make sure enough protection.

Query 3: What restrictions exist concerning constructing on creek entrance property?

Constructing restrictions on creek entrance property range considerably relying on native zoning ordinances and environmental laws. Setback necessities from the creek, limitations on constructing top and footprint, and restrictions on land clearing are frequent. Consulting with native planning authorities is crucial earlier than enterprise any building initiatives.

Query 4: How can one assess the water high quality of a creek?

Water high quality assessments contain analyzing varied parameters, together with micro organism ranges, dissolved oxygen, and nutrient content material. Native environmental companies typically conduct common water high quality monitoring and publish experiences. Impartial water testing can present further site-specific info. Consulting with environmental professionals gives additional insights into potential water high quality considerations.

Query 5: What are the long-term upkeep concerns for a creek?

Lengthy-term creek upkeep entails ongoing efforts to handle vegetation, management erosion, and protect water high quality. Common elimination of particles, stabilization of banks, and monitoring for invasive species are essential. Growing a complete upkeep plan, doubtlessly involving skilled landscaping companies, ensures the long-term well being and aesthetic enchantment of the creek.

Query 6: How does creek entrance possession influence neighboring properties?

Creek entrance possession can influence neighboring properties by way of shared entry preparations, drainage patterns, and potential modifications to the creek itself. Sustaining open communication with neighbors, adhering to native laws, and minimizing environmental impacts fosters constructive relationships and avoids potential disputes. Understanding the interconnectedness of creek entrance properties promotes accountable land possession and group concord.

Addressing these frequent considerations supplies helpful insights for potential consumers of creek entrance property. Thorough analysis, skilled consultations, and cautious planning are important for navigating the complexities of creek entrance possession and making certain a constructive and sustainable expertise.

Additional exploration of particular laws and native sources supplies a extra complete understanding of the distinctive concerns related to creek entrance property acquisition and possession.

Ideas for Navigating Creek Entrance Property Purchases

Buying property bordering a creek presents distinctive alternatives and challenges. Cautious consideration of the next ideas facilitates knowledgeable choices and profitable transactions.

Tip 1: Have interaction a Certified Actual Property Agent.

Skilled brokers specializing in waterfront properties supply helpful insights into native market dynamics, regulatory necessities, and potential dangers related to creek entrance possession. Their experience streamlines the buying course of and ensures compliance with authorized obligations.

Tip 2: Conduct Thorough Due Diligence.

Complete property inspections, title searches, and environmental assessments reveal potential points, similar to flood danger, erosion considerations, or water high quality limitations. This detailed evaluation informs buying choices and mitigates future dangers.

Tip 3: Confirm Water Rights and Utilization Restrictions.

Understanding water rights related to the property is essential. Clarifying permitted water utilization, potential restrictions, and any shared water agreements avoids future disputes and ensures accountable water administration. Consulting with native water authorities supplies important info.

Tip 4: Assess Flood Threat and Insurance coverage Necessities.

Evaluating flood danger by way of FEMA flood maps and historic flood information informs mitigation methods and insurance coverage wants. Acquiring applicable flood insurance coverage protects towards monetary losses within the occasion of a flood. Understanding flood zone designations and constructing laws is crucial.

Tip 5: Perceive Environmental Laws and Allowing Processes.

Creek entrance properties are topic to environmental laws defending water high quality, wetlands, and riparian habitats. Researching native laws, acquiring crucial permits, and consulting with environmental professionals ensures compliance and avoids potential penalties.

Tip 6: Consider Property Entry and Infrastructure.

Assessing entry routes, highway situations, and utility availability ensures handy property utilization and facilitates upkeep actions. Understanding entry limitations, particularly throughout inclement climate, is essential for knowledgeable decision-making.

Tip 7: Take into account Lengthy-Time period Upkeep Prices.

Creek entrance properties require specialised upkeep, together with erosion management, vegetation administration, and septic system maintenance. Factoring these ongoing prices into the general funds ensures real looking assessments of affordability and long-term property possession.

Cautious consideration of the following pointers empowers potential consumers to navigate the complexities of creek entrance property acquisition. Thorough planning, skilled steerage, and knowledgeable decision-making maximize the potential advantages of proudly owning property adjoining to a pure watercourse.

By integrating these concerns, people can confidently pursue creek entrance property possession, realizing the distinctive advantages and mitigating potential challenges related to this distinct actual property section.

Conclusion

Creek entrance property presents distinctive alternatives and challenges for potential purchasers. Cautious consideration of things similar to location, water rights, flood danger, environmental laws, property entry, leisure potential, market worth, and upkeep prices is crucial for knowledgeable decision-making. Understanding these interconnected parts permits potential consumers to judge properties comprehensively, balancing the advantages of waterfront residing with the tasks of environmental stewardship and the potential monetary implications of specialised upkeep. Due diligence, skilled consultations, and thorough planning are essential for navigating the complexities of creek entrance property acquisition.

In the end, profitable creek entrance property possession hinges on a complete understanding of the inherent alternatives and potential challenges. Knowledgeable consumers, outfitted with the information offered herein, are well-positioned to make sound funding choices and notice the distinctive advantages of proudly owning property adjoining to a pure watercourse. This knowledgeable method fosters accountable land possession, preserves helpful ecosystems, and ensures the long-term enjoyment and worth of those distinctive properties.